加拿大《移民与难民保护法规》IRPR s. 2的术语解释中,对发生于境外的婚姻需要满足的条件给出了定义,要求婚姻必须在发生地法律和加拿大法律下均为有效。只有这两个条件同时满足,该婚姻才可以作为移民法语境下的有效婚姻,用于申请配偶团聚移民。
marriage, in respect of a marriage that took place outside Canada, means a marriage that is valid both under the laws of the jurisdiction where it took place and under Canadian law. (mariage)
近期的一个判例Zombo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 1124就重申了对于发生在境外的婚姻的有效性判断。当事人是一位加拿大公民,回到印度与一位女子按照锡克教的宗教礼仪举行了婚礼。因为事主不满足在印度的居住时长要求,依据印度法律无法申请注册登记婚姻。回到加拿大后,当事人即担保“新婚妻子”申请境外配偶团聚移民,先后被IRCC和IAD拒绝,理由都是婚姻未能根据印度法律完成合法验证,即在当地不具备法律效力,因此无法得到加拿大的承认。本案中,联邦法院维持了IAD的判决,驳回了司法复核请求。
那么,有哪些境外婚姻是属于在发生地可能有效但是在加拿大不合法的?主要有四类情况,它们中的前三类情况都被编入了IRPR s. 117(9),被排除在家庭团聚类成员(member of the family class)之外,即不具备被担保人的资格,不可以申请配偶团聚移民。这四类情况如下。
一、多配偶制婚姻(polygamy)
在施行伊斯兰教法的国家,一夫多妻的多配偶制是被允许的,但是在加拿大不合法。这类婚姻在加拿大移民法语境下只承认和第一个原配的婚姻的合法性。这种“排他性”(exclusivity)的要求体现在了IRPR s. 117(9)(c)中:
117(9) A foreign national shall not be considered a member of the family class by virtue of their relationship to a sponsor if
…
(c) the foreign national is the sponsor’s spouse and
(i) the sponsor or the foreign national was, at the time of their marriage, the spouse of another person, or
(ii) the sponsor has lived separate and apart from the foreign national for at least one year and
(A) the sponsor is the common-law partner of another person or the sponsor has a conjugal partner, or
(B) the foreign national is the common-law partner of another person or the conjugal partner of another sponsor;
…
二、童婚(underage marriage)
在加拿大,适婚最低年龄定义在《民事婚姻法令》(Civil Marriage Act)s. 2.2,禁止16岁以下的人进入婚姻。但在某些国家如伊朗,法定允许的适婚最低年龄是男性15岁、女性13岁,这样的婚姻其本身在加拿大是不受认可的。但是要注意一点是,加拿大移民法对伴侣的关系不仅仅限于婚姻,还包括了普通法关系(common-law relationship)等。因此,被担保人(即PR申请人)只要已经达到足够的年龄、并且能够证明在申请配偶团聚移民时已经和担保人连续同居超过12个月,他们也建立了受加拿大移民法承认的类似婚姻的关系(conjugal relationship),所以童婚的障碍是可以很容易规避掉的。
在配偶团聚移民申请过程中,IRCC考察的是被担保人当前的年龄,而不是举办婚礼时的年龄,并且这个考察年龄要比加拿大各省的法定最低适婚年龄要更高,是不得低于18岁。见IRPR s. 117(9)(a):
117(9) A foreign national shall not be considered a member of the family class by virtue of their relationship to a sponsor if
(a) the foreign national is the sponsor’s conjugal partner and is under 18 years of age;
…
三、代理婚姻(proxy marriage)
代理婚姻指的是一方或双方当事人因故无法出席婚礼而通过代理人完成婚姻的手续。代理婚姻在某些地区如美国的蒙大拿州是合法的,但是加拿大不承认代理婚姻,除非无法出席婚礼的原因是因为要在加拿大军队服役。相关条款体现在IRPR s. 117(9)(c.1):
117(9) A foreign national shall not be considered a member of the family class by virtue of their relationship to a sponsor if
…
(c.1) the foreign national is the sponsor’s spouse and if at the time the marriage ceremony was conducted either one or both of the spouses were not physically present unless the foreign national was marrying a person who was not physically present at the ceremony as a result of their service as a member of the Canadian Forces and the marriage is valid both under the laws of the jurisdiction where it took place and under Canadian law;
…
四、近亲婚姻(consanguine marriage)
加拿大对近亲婚姻的限制范围参见《婚姻(亲等限制)法令》(Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act)。根据法令,加拿大仅限制直系亲属以及兄弟姐妹(包括同父异母或同母异父以及领养关系)之间的婚姻。注意,类似婚姻的关系(conjugal relationship)也受《婚姻(亲等限制)法令》的约束。
以上就是在加拿大法律中不受承认的四类婚姻。如果配偶团聚移民申请是因为被担保人的资格问题而被拒签,担保人可以在收到拒签结果后30日内向移民上诉处(IAD)发起上诉。
